If Man Molests a Child and Gets in Trouble and Serves Time Will He Do It Again

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Vocabulary: Ecology and environs. Problems of big cities.

Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

1. Types of Conditionals.
2. Mixed Conditionals.
3. Other tenses in conditional sentences.
4. The Subjunctive.
5. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if but' and 'information technology's (high) fourth dimension'.
6. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if but.
7. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if only'.
8. 'Information technology's (high) time' and 'It's (about) time'.
9. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
10. Expressing preferences about other people's deportment.
11. 'I'd rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Blazon I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
	if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)
	If you finish work early, we'll become for a walk.
	If the weather is nice, we'll go swimming.
		Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
	If you have finished your java, nosotros can pay the beak.
	If you're sick, encounter a doctor! If you fire yourself, information technology hurts.
Type Ii Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Uncomplicated or By Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
	If I had money, I would travel circular the globe. (simply I don't take coin - untrue in the present)
	If I were a bird, I could fly.
		Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
	If I were yous, I would take an umbrella, (advice)
Type III Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + By Perfect or By Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + accept + past participle
	If nosotros hadn't left so early, we would take missed the airplane.
	If I had been invited, I would accept gone to the party.
	If y'all had told me before about your bug, I would take helped y'all , but now it'southward too tardily.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
	If the weather hadn't been so nasty yesterday, nosotros would non have stayed at home all 24-hour interval long.

Expressions

Conditionals are ordinarily introduced by IF; the post-obit expressions tin can exist uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), equally long as, in instance, on status (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, merely if, unless.

two.1 If merely : This adds accent to hypothetical situations. With by events it adds a sense of regret. The second role of the sentence is often left out.

If only  I had enough time!

If merely  I hadn 't drunk too much, this wouldn 't take happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless merely if not.  Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless  sentences.

If he wasn 't told  past Jane, he couldn 't have known .

Unless he was told  past Jane, he couldn 't have known , (can be changed)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come up back , he 'II phone  y'all. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, it tin can be replaced by as/and so long as, provided  or merely if .

2.3 But if combines with other fourth dimension expressions and is used with by simple

Only after posting the letter did  I think that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)

I'll exercise  what y'all say provided the police are not  informed.

2.4 Even if describes how something will happen whatever the status.

Fifty-fifty if it rains , we'll still go  for a picnic.

two.5 But for him , I wouldn't have been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)

2.six Supposing it rains, will you still go for a picnic?

2.7 What if  it rains,  will y'all get for a walk?

2.8 We  can omit "if", when should, were and  had come up before the subject.

Should, come , tell him to wait for me.

Were you, I would speak to her. known , he would have told us.

four. Other tenses in provisional sentences

4.1 Going to Going to  tin can supplant will.

If you autumn, y'all  're going to  hurt yourself.

If you lot  're going to  make problem, we 'II call the police.

iv.2 Present perfect This tin be used to accent completion later if.

If y'all' ve finished , and then we'll go. It is also possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I've  told you  once, I've told  y'all a hundred times!

4.3 Doubt and uncertainty

An additional not  can be added in formal expressions involving doubtfulness. This emphasizes the doubtfulness and does not add a negative significant.

I wouldn 't be surprised if it didn 't pelting.  (I think it will pelting.)

iv.4 Should

if,  this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should  run across Ann, could  you ask her to call me?

This implies that I do not await you to run across Ann.

4.5 Were to This also makes an event seem more than hypothetical.

If I were to ask  y'all to marry me, what would you lot say?

iv.6 Happen to

This emphasizes hazard possibilities. It is often used with should.

If y'all  happen to  see Helen, could yous ask her to call me?

If you  should happen to exist passing,  drop in for a loving cup of tea.

4.7 If it were not for/If it hadn 't been for

This describes how one outcome depends on some other.

If it  weren  't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.

If information technology  hadn 't  been for  their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

4.8 Will and would :  politeness and emphasis These can be used as polite forms.

If you  will/would wait  here, I'll see if Mrs Dark-green is gratuitous.

Will  can also be used for emphasis, significant 'insist on doing'.

If you will stay out tardily, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

4.ix If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible  it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested,  utilise within.  If necessary,  take a taxi.

4.10  Formally if can mean although ,  usually as if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a little  badly busy.

v.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT +  INF. without to

  John's mother insisted that he  return  home early on.

5.2. Subjunctive  обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — exist ; past  — were for all persons  — для глагола to be  или infinitive without to  — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

5.iii The Nowadays Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used afterwards
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants another one to do something
Advise, club, demand, ask, crave, recommend, command, propose, insist, suggest	Information technology is  necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she go  there. He suggested that they should go there.	It is suggested that she go  there

5.four Note the difference:

British variant:  I insist that yous should leave  without her.

   It is recommended that you should publish  your book.

American variant:   I insist that you leave  without her.

   It is recommended that you publish  your book

five.5 The By Subjunctive  prefers to use were  instead of was.

She behaves equally if she were  / was a queen.

I wish it were true

half-dozen. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if merely' and 'it'southward (high) time'

(I) wish, if only. it's (loftier) fourth dimension and it's (about) fourth dimension,  we 'get one tense dorsum':

1 The by tense refers to the present: I wish I had  a better sentry!  (At present)

2 The past perfect tense refers to the past: If simply you lot had asked  me start!  (And then)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only

7.i We often use I wish  for things that might (nonetheless) happen:

I wish I knew  the reply!  (= information technology's possible I might notice out the answer)

If only  is stronger. We use information technology to express regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If simply your female parent were  live now!  (Of course, / wish  is too possible.)

7.2 We may use the elementary by of be  after wish  and if only

I wish I was  on holiday now.  If just Tessa was  hither now!

If nosotros desire to exist more than formal, we employ were  in all persons

I wish I were  on holiday now.  If only Tessa were  hither!

7.three We may use the past perfect of exist  for things that tin can never happen:

I wish I had been  on holiday concluding week.  If but Tessa had been  here yesterday!

7.iv We utilize the by or by perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew  the reply to your question.

I wish I had known  then what I know now!

8. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if merely'

We must employ could,  not would,  after /and we.  Compare:

I tin can't swim.                           → I wish I could  swim.

We weren't together!              → I wish nosotros could have been together

We sometimes apply / wish you (he. she.  etc.) would(north't)  like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of dissonance!)  → I wish y'all wouldn't brand and so much noise!

(He is making a lot of dissonance!)  → I wish he would exist  quiet!

9. 'Information technology's (high) time' and 'It's (about) time'

Nosotros use It's time, It'south high time  and it's about time  to express present or future wishes, or to express our impatience about things that haven't happened yet:

Kim can't even eddy an egg. - I know.

It's time/loftier time/about time she learnt to cook!

x. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'

Nosotros use would rather and would sooner to express preference.

We can refer to the present or the hereafter:

I'd rather/I'd sooner be a builder than an builder.

Or we tin can refer to the past:

If I could cull over again, I'd rather/sooner have been  a builder than an architect.

11. Expressing preferences about other people'southward actions

xi.1 We tin refer to other people afterwards I'd rather or I'd sooner.

I'd rather leave  on an earlier train.  (= I'thousand referring to myself)

I'd rather Jack left on an before train. ( I desire him to leave)

eleven.2 We use the by tense form later on I'd rather to  refer to the present or future.

I'd rather be  happy.  I'd rather not sit next to her. (=  for myself)

I'd rather she were/was  happy. (= now)

I'd rather she didn't sit  adjacent to me. (= now)

11.3 We utilise the past perfect form after I'd rather to  refer to by time.

I'd rather take been  present. (=  then - I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather y'all had been  present,  (then)

I'd rather you hadn't told me  about it.  (then)

12. 'I'd rather he didn't'

We generally omit the main part of the verb in short responses:

12.1 negative responses:

Frank is going to buy  a motorbike. - I'd rather  he didn't.

I′ve told  everyone about it.   - I'd rather  you hadn't.

12.2 affirmative responses:

Frank won't give up  his nowadays job. - I'd rather  he did.

I oasis't told  anyone about it. - I'd rather  you had.

12.3 We practise not have to echo the chief verb in a consummate judgement:

Y'all e'er go  without me and I'd rather  y'all didn't.

Vocabulary

Environmental and environment. Bug of large cities.

Study the of import vocabulary:

1. The weather:

Cold weather: the dank days of autumn, common cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing atmospheric condition, the footing thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: shut, stifling, boiling, scorching, boiling, mild, heatwave

Wet atmospheric condition: damp, drizzle, shower, pour downwardly / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential pelting, alluvion; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Wind: gentle breeze, expert wind, blustery day, gale alert, hurricane

2. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, hand, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pino, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

iii. The environment:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, loma, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, forest;   pool, swimming, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where state meets sea: coast, shore, embankment, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words continued with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains:  foot, ridge, peak, tiptop, glacier;

4. Environmental bug:

air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the devastation of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste material disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

We should:  avoid spray cans, practise organic farming, employ unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammar

one. I finished digging in half an hour but I felt as if I ____ for hours.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. work
4. accept worked

2. It's  fourth dimension we ____ our parents. Nosotros ____ them for ____ long time.

1. visited, haven't visited, such
2. have visited, didn't see, so
3. had visited, hadn't seen, a very
4. visited, haven't seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed coin, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1. would have borrowed, some
2. might give, few
3. would requite, a niggling
4. would have lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

1. indicated, is waiting
2. offered, had waited
3. suggested, had been waiting
4. showed, waited

5. He had written his address downwards the last morning time, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her once again.

1. had ever come, will experience
2. comes, volition be
3. would come, may be
4. ever came, would exist

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could get ____ education in the department if she ____ information technology upon graduation.

1. a job, wanted
2. work, will have wanted
3. task, wished
4. a position, wants

vii. He stood potent and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror equally if he ____.

1. doesn't exist
2. didn't exist
3. hadn't existed
4.  won't exist

eight. If only we ____ a phone! I'm tired of queueing outside the public telephone box.

1. had had
2. had
3. have had
4. can accept

nine. He said that if the war ____ he would have to exit the land at in one case.

1. breaks out
2. broken out
3. bankrupt out
4. will suspension out

10. Then he said: "If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don't want information technology ____ ."

1. will exist arrested, come out
2. is arrested, to come out
3. will arrest, coming out
4. is being arrested, to come up out

xi. "There are ____ institutions, of course, but it's not very like shooting fish in a barrel to go into them unless y'all ____ influential friends."

1. charitable, haven't got
2. clemency'southward, have got
3. charity, don't take
4. charity, accept

12. "If nothing ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas."

1. will happen, -
2. happened, a
3. happens, -
4. will have happened, the

13. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ upwardly all dark.

1. - , had been
2. the, were
3. a, was
4. - , has been

14. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, every bit if they ____ each other in years.

1. had been, didn't come across
2. were, hadn't seen
3. were, oasis't seen
4. take been, hadn't seen

xv. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my stake face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1. had turned, tin see
2. turned, would be able to come across
3. will plow, will see
4. have turned, would run into

16. "I have some work that ____ be finished before I ____ on my holiday."

1. would, will go away
2. ought, am away
3. should, will get away
4. must, get abroad

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that way he ____ have taken offence.

1. hears, speaking, can
2. had heard, speak, would
3. heard, to speak, might
4. had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her every bit though they ____ her parents.

1. are
2. were
3. had been
4. accept been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any employ.

1. would suggest, thought
2. volition propose, could have idea
3. might suggest, could think
4. would offering, thought

20. It was long ____ I had concluding seen her and if someone had not mentioned her proper noun I ____ her.

1. since, mustn't have recognized
2. from, shouldn't recognize
3. since, wouldn't have recognized
4. while, couldn't accept recognized

21. It'south high fourth dimension yous ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

1. are, -
2. must exist, the
3. were, -
4. should be, a

22. If I hadn't been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1. could happen
2. might have happened
3. was to happen
4. must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might have saved the states a lot of trouble.

1. were sent for
2. is sent for
3. had been sent for
4. volition be sent for

24. I could non imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless information technology ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1. none, was
2. someone, was not
3. people, were not
4. anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1. is wondering
2. has been wondering
3. were wondering
4. had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me in that location.

1. has not brought
2. had not brought
3. does non bring
4. was not brought

27. "But we ____ in conference for two hours," he said. "It'southward high time ____ a tea suspension."

1. are, having had
2. were, we have
3. have been being, to have
4. have been, nosotros had

28. If John ____ to see a dentist, let him ____ toothache.

1. is refusing, to suffer
2. refuses, suffer
3. refused, suffering
4. will refuse, suffering

29. "You had better ____ dwelling. You're likely to get into trouble if you ____ here."

1. go, stay
2. to go, take stayed
3. hurry, will stay
4. to hurry, are staying

thirty. If we ____ waterproof coats information technology ____ pleasant enough to drive in that leap rain.

1. had had, would have been
2. have had, would exist
3. shall take, is
4. are having, volition be

31. He wondered a trivial ruefully simply what Dad ____ if he ____ nearly his relations with Jan.

1. would say, knew
2. might say, had known
3. would have said, learns
4. should say, has learned

32. And then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt as though someone ____ him in the stomach.

1. was crying, has kicked
2. had been cried, kicked
3. had been crying, had kicked
4. cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were maxim. It was as though it ____ her.

1. hearing, did non business organization
2. to hear, did not concern
3. listening, was non concerning
4. to empathise, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ merely yesterday the first time she ____ them.

1. were, was meeting
2. was, has met
3. has been, met
4. had been, had met

1) will be, are ... discussing

2) were, were ... discussing

iii) has been, would ... hash out

4) was, will... discuss

36. If you    abroad with him, become at once, but don't enquire me   him.

1) volition get, to meet

2) will exist going, to have met

3) are going, to meet

4) have gone, to exist coming together

37. I'm not a poet. Just if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

i) would, will

2) can, shall

3) could, would

iv) can, would

38. If I   you and then, what   y'all have done?

ane) didn't help, would

2) hadn't helped, would

three) didn't, will

4) haven't helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to describe it to you.

1) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

four) was, the

40. I'k tired. It's loftier time you lot   and me in peace.

1) get, go out

2) take gone, have left

3) would take gone, leave

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie last night? I wish I   that pie last night.

1) did I eat, had eaten

2) did I consume, hadn't eaten

iii) accept I eaten, hadn't eaten

four) did I eat, didn't eat

42. If she   he was going to be angry about it, she   that.

1) knew, won't do

2) knows, wouldn't practise

3) had known, wouldn't have done

iv) would know, have done

43. You wouldn't be and then tired today if you lot   to bed when I told you lot to. Something should exist done to help y'all.

44. If y'all     your medicine yesterday, you   today.

one) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be better

3) accept, volition exist skilful

4) have taken, would have been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

1) didn't have, tin have read

2) didn't have, could read

3) hadn't had, tin read

4) didn't have, could have read

46. Why didn't I ask her out? If merely I   her out! Everything   .

ane) ask, will change

two) asked, would change

iii) had asked, would have inverse

4) would ask, had inverse

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

ane) would go, earnt, were

2) would take gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might accept learnt, been

four) went, may acquire, be

48. If she   with him at this moment, the dubiety and loneliness   evaporate. Just he was alone.

1) was, will

2) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

52. I shall go there provided you   to accompany me. Information technology'south high fourth dimension you ____  rything.

1) would consent, are knowing

2) will consent, have known

3) would have consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what's more than, I've just told you lot that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

2) heard, would take

three) have heard, would have taken

4) had heard, would take taken

54. He speaks equally if he   the subject very well.

1) had known

two) is knowing

iii) has known

4) knew

1) were, would have checked

2) were, would cheque

3) am, will cheque

4) had been, would check

56. If I a spare ticket tonight I  you to the concert.

i) will accept, will take

two) had, would accept

3) will take had, tin can take

4) had had, could accept

57. If the snake bite   poisonous, you   very bad now.

1) was, will experience

2) had been, are feeling

3) were, would take felt

iv) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her functioning.

1) can have, might improve

2) could have, might improve

3) could take had, may meliorate

iv) could have, might to amend

1) will plough abroad, being

2) will be turning from, accept been

iii) turn down, be

4) accept turned against, to exist

1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take place

two) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not have taken place

iii) Had he been, would accompany, might not accept taken place

four) If he had been, would accompany, might non take identify

61. If they   here, I   so glad, as they  everything to me.

i) would exist, were, would explicate

2) were, should exist, explained

iii) would be, were, explained

4) were, should be, would explicate

62. If that you lot   he  very glad.

ane) I had told him, would come, would have been

ii) had I told him, would come, had been

three) I told him, would have come, would have been

iv) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you us and so, all the differences might .

64. If you lot Dr. Smith before, you lot sick now.

one) consult, volition be

2) didn't consult, can be

3) had consulted, wouldn't be

iv) have consulted, won't be

65. If we the question at that meeting, our demands .

one) had raised, would have been met

2) raised, would meet

iii) rise, would be met

four) have raised, won't exist met

66. If information technology dark, we our way.

1) is, would have lost

ii) hadn' t been, might not have lost

3) wasn't, tin can accept lost

4) were, volition lose

67. I wish yous rude remarks almost me.

2) are non making

3) wouldn't make

4) hadn't fabricated

68. He looked at his sister equally if he annihilation similar her.

i) didn't e'er seen

2) has never seen

3) can't see

four) had never seen

69. The exams . Information technology's time nosotros downwards to work.

one) are coming, got

2) come, get

3) will come up, are getting

4) have come, are

70. I wish more people in the office your sense of humour, Jack.

1) have

2) can have

iii) will have

four) had

Vocabulary

1. Discover the right discussion.

1. During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2. The fields were flooded after the river outburst its banks/edges/sides.
3. In the eye of the square there is an former fountain/source/tap.
4. Subsequently the rain the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5. A small river/stream/torrent  runs beyond the bottom of our garden.
6. Y'all must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand.
7. From the summit/meridian/tiptop  of the hill you tin meet the sea.
8. It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides  were so high.
9. I think it's going to pelting. It's very clouded/clouding/cloudy.
10.  The church defenseless fire when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

2. Choose the correct variant:

i. Many people are interested in watching............

1) wildlife    2) wilds    3) wilderness

two.The dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.

1) shook    2) wagged    3) moved

iii. A large.........of the tree broke off in the storm.

1) trunk    2) bawl    iii) co-operative

4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

i) mountain    two) cliff   three) slope

5. There was field afterward field of gold..........waving in the wind.

1) corn    2) bushes    three) herbs

6. You have to sleep under a net to avoid being bitten by...........

1) lobsters   2) cockroaches    3) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on..........

1) channels    2) canals    3) river.

viii. Some wild animals will become.........if they go used to people.

ane) tame    ii) organised    3) petty

iii. Put the correct word in each infinite:

1. We collect honey from our own bee.....................
2. At that place'south a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
3. There's a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
4. The hill....................was covered in cute wild flowers.
5. What'southward the weather....................for tomorrow?
6. You can see the mount....................amidst the clouds in the distance.

4. Choose the right respond:

1. There has been another increase/rising  in the amount of crime.
2. The train was in accident/collision  with a bus on a level crossing.
3. Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
4. No ships are sailing today because of the high/storm  winds.
5. The government has announced plans to assist the poor/poverty.
6. Everyone agrees that the environment/nature  must be protected.
7. There are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8. The commuter of the bus admitted that he had done/made  an fault.
9. At that place was a big demonstration/manifestation  confronting nuclear ability.

v. Put the correct discussion in each space:

1. Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
2. Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the city.
3. The toll of.......................has risen steadily this year.
4. Thousands of buildings barbarous down during a severe........................
5. The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
6. Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in Mainland china.
7. Big cities face up the problem of what to do with household........................
8. Doctors announced that there was now a cure for the........................

TEXT

Radar

On May seventh, 1915, during the Kickoff Earth War (1914-1918), a large British passenger transport, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect conditions from America to England, with two k people on lath. All of a sudden, at about half past two in the afternoon, there were ii fearful explosions. The send shook from finish to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown 2 holes in her lesser. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and almost immediately the ship began to sink.

She sank in only twenty minutes; and virtually i g people lost their lives.

The captain could not see the submarine that attacked his transport, and he had no instrument to show him the danger. At present the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced by radar. This radio musical instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the human middle may not be able to encounter; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such equally ships and aeroplanes. Radar tin option out objects more than a hundred miles abroad in the worst weather weather, when we can encounter perhaps no farther than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this way. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, chosen "pulses", at the charge per unit of peradventure one k every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of ane hundred and eighty-six thou miles a second till they hit an object, peradventure a ship, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot become through the object; then they immediately shoot dorsum at the same speed, in the opposite direction, and hit the aeriform of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the globe. Modern ships of all nations conduct radar to help them sheet in bad weather, when it is possible to see for a distance of perhaps only a few hundred yards. In the by, the helm commonly had to anchor his send at such times and wait for weather condition to improve. But today a send with radar can canvas in about any weather condition atmospheric condition, with no danger of an accident.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes across the globe. Radio signals chosen beams are transmitted into the sky from land radio stations at a number of points along their course. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and encounter them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A pilot guides his aeroplane towards 1 beam, and so flies on to the side by side axle. At the stop of his journey, he will country his plane with the aid of radar.

Trained men at the airport scout the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce height, and give any other orders that may be necessary.

(Word count 539)

Reply the questions to text

1. The Lusitania was wrecked considering

1) she was overloaded with two grand people aboard

2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on lath

iii) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

four) she carried out military operations during the Get-go Earth War

two. Which of the following observations reflects the main idea of the text best of all?

1) Radar is 1 of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

three) To be able to use radar 1 should know in detail how it works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

3. Radar is very helpful in

one) forecasting weather conditions.

2) hit various objects, such equally ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

four. Which of the following statements is not true?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.

2) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer time than now.

iii) Ships all over the world began to carry radar non before the invention of the

radio.

four) Radar is used for spotting afar objects.

5. Information technology follows from the text that

1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

2) radar is used only in bad weather condition weather, when we tin can see perhaps no

farther than a hundred yards.

iii) the radar upshot would be impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the

target objects.

iv) anyone tin guide aeroplanes with the help of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

1. The chairman proposed that the thing  _____  at the next coming together.

one) exist decided

two) should decide

3) to be decided

4) will be decided

two. If you lot  _____  this volume you  _____  to supersede it.

1) volition lose, will have

2) lose, will have

iii) had lost, must

4) volition lose, will need

3. We insist that a meeting _____ as before long as possible.

one) to be held

2) should be held

3) will be held

4) to concur

iv. If Alison ____ another half hour's piece of work, she ____ it by the time the children get home.

1) has washed; finished

2) would practice; would have finished

three) does; will have finished

4) did; finishes

5. If you  _____  more than than 10 books we  _____  the cost of each book past 10%.

1) buy, will reduce

ii) will purchase, reduce

3) will buy, will reduce

4) accept bought, reduced

6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers advisedly.

1) will check

2) are checking

3) might cheque

four) should check

seven. If I ____ a pay ascent, I'm going to buy a new car.

1) volition get

2) got

3) get

4) would get

viii. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open up the door without asking who it was.

1) need to be

two) was to be

three) will be

iv) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would think so.

ane) never saw

2) has been seen

3) would have never seen

4) had never seen

x. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone well-nigh  our conversation."

one) tell

2) won't tell

3) didn't tell

4) don't tell

eleven. I wish you ____ me earlier that y'all can't come up to dinner tonight.

ane) tell

2) told

three) had told

4) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  after the poor meal, as if they  _____  at all.

i) hungry, did non eat

two) hungrily, had non eaten

3) feeling hungry, accept non eaten

iv) hungry, had not eaten

13. "It's loftier time y'all ____ to look after yourself," Alison demanded.

1) learned

2) learn

iii) had learned

4) have learned

fourteen. Information technology'south time that team ____ a friction match. They oasis't won a match for ages.

1) has won

2) wins

3) won

four) volition win

fifteen. I was as awkward and shy with her equally if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

ii) wounded

3) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Apply, Raymond Tater, Cambridge Academy Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1. Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Printing, 2000

( рр  198-207)

1. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
2. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр  111-120)
3. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)

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